The agency marked entire communities in red ink where they deemed the influx of racial and ethnic minorities as credit risks. In short, they documented institutionalized discrimination. Today, they graphically display how racism was embedded into the structure of American cities from at least the s until , when the Fair Housing Act abolished redlining and banned racial discrimination in housing. That discrimination had a profound impact on the segregated structure of cities, the rise of suburbs as the American middle class moved away from central cities after World War II and the long-term wealth gap between whites and minorities.
In these neighborhoods, credit, the lynchpin of economic mobility, became either unavailable or very expensive. The new study compares the historic HOLC maps with Census and other government data on neighborhood income and race. Eight of those cities were in the South, including Macon, Georgia, the most redlined city in America. Today, 1 in 4 residents of Macon County are still below the poverty line, and that rate is 2.
Learn about the Civil Rights Movement of the 50s and 60s, and view the slideshow of key people and events. White robes protected their identities as they engaged in intimidation and violence against African Americans and any whites who supported black rights. Their goal was white supremacy, but their methods eventually alarmed Southern white communities.
After they lost public support, they disbanded. The Jim Crow laws remained, and some were even supported by the Supreme Court. Explore newspaper articles, editorial cartoons, and Klan advertisements from the late 19th and early 20th century. In Birmingham in , it was illegal for a black and a white person to play cards or checkers together. In Nebraska in , it was illegal for a white person to marry someone who was at least one-eighth African or Chinese. In Missouri in , it was illegal for black children to attend white schools or for white children to attend black schools.
African-Americans had separate waiting rooms, train cars, neighborhoods, and swimming pools. Political events and movements in Virginia involving the suffrage of African Americans from to are described on this site.
Discover why African Americans had to fight for the right to vote even after law granted it to them. Understand the meaning of disfranchisement. This site offers a timeline of political developments in Virginia, and profiles of African Americans involved in politics. Transcripts of suffrage legislation are available to study, as well as newspaper articles relating to African Americans and political activity.
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Previous page on path Next page on path. Segregated School Resource Inequality in the 's. As blacks moved to the North more Northern communities had set up segregated school systems even contrary to law or tradition.
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