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Etna Updates. Current activity of Etna volcano Follow the latest news and updates about Europe's most active volcano! Get the ad-free version! Why is there advertising on this site? Lava also began pouring down the south side of the mountain heading toward the city of Catania, 18 miles to the south along the sea. At the time, the city of Catania had about 20, residents; most failed to flee the city immediately.
Instead, Diego de Pappalardo, a resident of the city, led a team of 50 men to Mount Etna, where they attempted to divert the lava flow. Wearing cowhides soaked in water, the men bravely approached the lava with long iron rods, picks and shovels. They were able to hack open a hole in the hardened lava wall that had developed on the outside of the lava flow and much of the flow began to flow west out of the new hole.
However, the residents of Paterno, a city lying southwest of Etna were monitoring these developments and quickly realized that this new flow direction could imperil their own city. They literally fought back the Catanians, while the lava breach hardened and filled again.
For several weeks, the lava pushed toward Catania and the sea. Still, the residents failed to evacuate the city. Neither was the case—the walls were quickly swallowed by the extremely hot lava and nearly 17, people in Catania died.
Most of the city was destroyed. Catania was not the only city affected—the eruption wiped out 14 towns and villages and left about 27, people homeless. Following this disaster, it was decreed that interference with the natural flow of lava was prohibited in Italy, a regulation that remained in effect hundreds of years later.
Weak Strombolian activity was visible in the late afternoon of 20 February. By the Strombolian activity had shifted to pulsating lava fountaining. Beginning at on 21 February more western vents became active and the E vents jetted lava m high. Activity intensified at with jets of lava that rose more than 1 km high and were sustained for about 10 minutes. An eruption plume again rose to 10 km 32, ft a.
Beginning at the lava fountain became smaller, and at explosive activity ceased. Lava flowed SW and into the Valle de Bove.
Periodic ash emissions rose from both the S and E vents later than evening. Lava overflowed the SE crater just after and advanced 1 km towards the Valle de Bove. Lava fountains and Strombolian explosions occurred at multiple vents. Activity intensified at on 21 February and lava fountains rose , m above the SEC. Lava flowed from the S vent and an eruption plume rose several kilometers, but activity rapidly ceased at Lava flows continued to advance in the Valle de Bove; the longest flows were 3.
During very intense explosions from multiple SEC vents ejected incandescent bombs that fell as far as the base of the cone.
The frequency and intensity of the explosions increased and by material was ejected onto the flanks. By jets of lava were m high, and by lava fountains rose from a second vent.
Lava overflowed the crater at and headed towards the Valle de Bove. Within the first hour on 23 February lava fountains rose more than 1. Lava overflowed the S vent and descended SW. Lava fountaining suddenly decreased at on 23 February, though lava flows continued to be fed. Strombolian activity again intensified at , accompanied by ash emissions. Two lava flows formed and traveled SW and SE, the latter was longest and reached 1,, m elevation.
The activity ended at The frequency and intensity of explosions at SEC were variable; almost continuous strong explosions originated from two vents in the E part of the top of the cone. Tephra accumulated near the top of the cone and rolled several tens of meters down the flanks.
Minor ash emissions rapidly dispersed. Less-intense Strombolian activity occurred at the S vent also called the saddle vent. Intra-crater Strombolian activity at NEC sometimes produced nighttime crater incandescence.
The activity at BN sometimes ejected coarse material beyond the crater rim, and rare emissions that had diffuse ash content. The the VOR Strombolian explosions ejected material that sometimes rose above the crater rim and generated diffuse ash emissions.
During the morning of 15 February explosive activity at SEC gradually intensified. Activity originated from the E vents but sometimes intense explosions occurred at the saddle vent. A significant increase in tremor amplitude began at Tremor amplitude waned at , the same time that explosive activity decreased. Part of the cone collapsed at and generated a pyroclastic flow that traveled 1. An ash plume rapidly dispersed to the S.
Explosive activity at SEC increased and lava fountaining began at Ash clouds drifted S. Lava flows advanced into the Valle de Bove, reaching an elevation of 2, m by at the latest.
Ashfall was also reported in Syracuse, km SSE. Another lava flow advanced N into the Valle del Leone. Lava fountains were about m tall, possibly as tall as m. Tremor amplitude began to decrease at and lava fountains ceased around Lava effusion from SEC gradually diminished; the flow in the Valle de Bove was a few kilometers long and smaller flows that had traveled N and S reached an elevation of 2, Strombolian activity persisted at SEC overnight during February and ceased at on 17 February.
Explosions at VOR were sporadic. The strongest and almost continuous Strombolian explosions at SEC originated from two vents in the E part of the top of the cone.
Tephra accumulated near the top of the cone and rolled down the flanks. Less-intense Strombolian activity occurred at the S vent. Strombolian activity at BN sometimes ejected coarse material beyond the crater rim, and rare ash emissions that had diffuse ash content.
On 5 February scientists observed explosions from three vents at the bottom of the crater that had formed cinder cones. Nearby was another cone that occasionally produced dense emissions that rapidly dispersed. Strombolian activity at VOR ejected material that sometimes rose above the crater rim and generated diffuse ash emissions. On 5 February lava flowed into BN, overlapping flows from the previous week.
In general, the activity was similar to the pervious week, though activity at SEC on 18 January was notable. Lava effusion began around on 17 January but was confined to the SEC summit cone.
At around the lava breached the crater and lava flowed down to the base of the cone. The effusion rate increased by and an ash emission was possibly visible; the lava flow lengthened and had reached an elevation of 3, m by Weather clouds moved in and prevented visual observations until on 18 January when the lava flow was visible again; it was no longer being fed and was cooling. Volcanic tremor amplitude increased and Strombolian activity intensified at A new lava flow emerged at and traveled towards the Valle del Bove, reaching an elevation of 2, m.
Low lava fountains were visible at and an ash plume drifted ESE, causing ashfall on the downwind flank. Explosive activity significantly decreased at Two distinct lava flows were visible, with one heading N and the other moving towards the Valle del Bove.
Tremor and infrasound signals decreased to pre-episode levels by The the lava flows were stable and cooling on 19 January. Tremor amplitude had gradually increased on 20 December but weather conditions prevented visual observations. During the morning of the 21st Strombolian activity occurred at three vents. By tremor amplitude suddenly increased, and by lava fountaining from at least two vents was observed in thermal camera images, along with an eruption plume to 3 km 10, ft a.
Lava fountaining ended around noon, with a simultaneous decrease in tremor amplitude. The front of the active SW flow reached 2, m elevation. By both flows were cooling down and no longer advancing. Additionally, infrequent ash emissions at the Bocca Nuova BN craters and some explosions and minor ash emissions at the Voragine VOR were also recorded. Webcam views of activity was limited due to weather conditions; a field visit was made on 14 December.
Strombolian activity originated from the E and central vents at SEC ejected lava onto the inner crater walls. Occasional ash emissions dispersed quickly near the summit. Activity intensified at on 13 December and lava fountains formed around At a small pyroclastic flow traveled down the SSW flank. At a third and minor pyroclastic flow traveled SSW. Around the same time as the generation of the first two pyroclastic flows, two fissures opened on the SW flank of the SEC and produced lava flows to the S and SW until about A period of lava fountaining was visible during and on 14 December.
During a field inspection on 14 December scientists confirmed the partial cone collapses and noted that the two lava flows S and SW were cooling. The S lava flow had widened at the near the base of SEC and formed four lobes. One of the lobes continued on and stopped just NW of cones that had formed in Explosive activity from central SEC vent continued, with roaring and sporadic ash emissions. An explosion at formed an ash plume that rose about 4 km and drifted S.
Strombolian explosions deposited material outside of the crater. During a helicopter overflight along the W side on 23 October scientists observed Strombolian explosions at NSEC that produced ash emissions and ejected shreds of lava out of the crater. Both the frequency and intensity of explosions was variable. There were several thermal anomalies on the NEC crater floor, and some on the floor of the BN crater.
An ash plume from NSEC rose to 4. The report noted that, based on drone footage from the beginning of the month, the NSEC vent was m long in the NW direction and m wide in the NE direction. The ejection of incandescent material onto the crater rim and the S flank was occasionally visible during phases of increased activity.
Explosive activity increased on 31 July; an ash cloud rose to 4. On 2 August very minor ashfall was reported in Trecastagni and Acicastello, possibly from a slight increase in explosive activity that was not visually confirmed.
Ash emissions dispersed near the summit. A series of ash emissions were visible in the morning of 9 August. Gas emissions rose from the vent in the pit crater at the bottom of Bocca Nuova. Sporadic explosive activity at Voragine Crater ejected lithics and produced ash emissions. The activity may have concurrently occurred with the enlargement of vent number 3.
Explosive activity at Voragine Crater VOR , with minor ash emissions and occasional visible shreds of incandescent material, was relatively mild and discontinuous. During a field inspection on 8 May, volcanologists observed that the main cone was almost unchanged and produced modest ash emissions.
Strong explosive activity at a cone located E of the main cone produced a lot of ash, and ejected coarse material that fell on the W edge of VOR as well as on the S terrace of Bocca Nuova Crater. Activity at NSEC again increased; on 10 May Strombolian explosions ejected material out of the crater and onto the flanks. Concurrently, increased activity in VOR was characterized by the ejection of ballistics beyond its crater rim.
Strombolian explosions from the vent at the top of the cone in VOR crater ejected pieces of lava sometimes m above the vent. Ash plumes rose from the vent and rapidly dissipated. Strombolian activity from a vent at the base of the N flank of the cone was observed on 29 February. Lava continued to effuse from the vent on top of a building lava mound on the S flank of the cone and flow into the adjacent Bocca Nuova Crater.
Activity at NEC was characterized by discontinuous Strombolian activity and periodic emissions of very diffuse ash plumes. During February observers noted continuous diffuse ash emissions at NSEC, originating from a cone in the saddle area. The cone in VOR produced Strombolian explosions which increased in frequency and resulted in rapid cone growth especially the N part.
During January there were several episodes of ash emissions at NSEC, originating from the vent that had opened on 11 December on the side of the saddle area. Ash emissions rarely rose form the E vent. Sporadic ash emissions from Voragine Crater rapidly dispersed into the atmosphere. Strombolian explosions at Voragine Crater VOR occurred at intervals of minutes, and many incandescent jets rose above the crater rim.
Some explosions created incandescent flashes in emissions rising above the crater rim. A cone which had started forming on the crater floor in mid-September had continued to grow according to observations by field guides.
Incandescence from Bocca Nuova Crater was intermittently visible at night. Gas emissions from Northeast Crater NEC were intense and continuous, and ash plumes were occasionally visible and sometimes accompanied by incandescent flashes.
A large ash emission rose from the crater on 27 September and drifted S. On 18 September guides observed intensified explosive activity at VOR characterized by the ejection of scoria and ash from several vents to heights of tens of meters. A lava flow from the cone had descended the W flank of the cone to its base, and then flowed several hundred meters S and branched into the Bocca Nuova Crater.
Similar activity was observed on 19 September, though by 22 September the lava flows were cooling and Strombolian activity from VOR vents had become less frequent. Continuous Strombolian activity recorded between on 9 September and on 10 September produced diffuse ash emissions which quickly dissipated. The most intense part of the eruptive period occurred during Incandescence from the activity had significantly subsided by on 10 September, coincident with the ejection of lava fragments outside of the crater.
Dilute ash puffs were continuously observed at dawn the next day. Strombolian activity ceased around and then resumed around Weather conditions hindered observations at times on 11 September but clear observations after allowed for the confirmation of continuing explosive activity at varying intensity at NEC. Ash emission from Voragine Crater began during the morning of 12 September and gradually increased in frequency.
Activity further intensified at as Strombolian activity commenced and tephra ejected out of the crater was deposited at the base of Bocca Nuova Crater. Antonio, Pedara, and neighboring areas. Webcam and field observations on 13 September confirmed continuing activity at NEC and Voragine craters. Diffuse ash plumes rose from NEC and dispersed near the summit area.
Strombolian activity at Voragine Crater ejected coarse tephra as high as 20 m above the crater rim and produced diffuse ash emissions. Impact craters from the ejected tephra were distributed mostly in the W part of the area between Bocca Nuova and Voragine craters down to 3, m elevation. Activity continued on 14 September.
During an overflight on 15 September observers noted that a scoria cone had formed in Voragine Crater, and diffuse ash emissions continued to rise from NEC. INGV reported that the mean amplitude of volcanic tremor at Etna had been increasing. Notably, the increase since mid-August had reached significant values by 6 September and were comparable to those values recorded just before the December eruption, and higher than those observed before the eruptive episodes during May-July Inclement weather prevented visual observations of the summit craters, though mountain guides reported characteristic sounds of Strombolian activity at the Bocca Nuova crater on 6 September.
A sudden increase in volcanic tremor amplitude was recorded at on 9 September, and by Strombolian activity at Northeast Crater NEC was visible. At volcanic tremor amplitude again increased, with signals localized beneath NEC.
Diffuse ash plumes rose from the crater and dissipated near the summit. At on 27 July the seismic network detected a sudden increase in tremor amplitude, and at a new fissure opened on the S flank of NSEC. Explosive activity at the crater intensified at and a dense, ash-rich plume rose to 4. A thin layer of ash was deposited in Giarre, Riposto and Torre Archirafi. Lava emerged from the S part of the new fissure and traveled SW and S; by the longest part of the flow had reached 2, m elevation and by it had reached 2, m elevation.
Beginning at a sequence of particularly strong explosions generated ash plumes that rose as high as 7. Explosive activity decreased around on 28 July, and lava effused from the vent at a lower rate. Explosive and effusive activity at NSEC ceased that evening. Strombolian activity at NSEC increased during the morning of 18 July with explosions occurring at a rate of one every minutes.
In the following hours the rate of explosions increased, and by the evening Strombolian activity was almost continuous. The activity continued to intensify until when a sharp decrease occurred. Explosive activity decreased and had ceased by noon.
A sudden increase in explosive activity was recorded that afternoon and by the evening three vents within NSEC were producing Strombolian activity and sporadic ash emissions. Ashfall was reported in areas on the S flank. Explosive activity at NSEC again declined in the late evening. NEC produced abundant ash emissions until the morning of 20 July.
Just before on 20 July a new phase of explosive activity began at NSEC and lava effusion at the new vent on the NE flank increased.
Later that morning explosive activity completely ceased; by evening the lava flow was only weakly fed.
The lava flow from the fissure was active only near the vent on 5 June and by the next day had ceased and began cooling. The report noted that the NE edge of the NSEC cone had dropped several meters, likely in conjunction with a period of ash emissions on 30 May. In addition, a hot zone high on the SE flank of the cone that was established prior to the recent eruption was extensively covered with colored fumarolic deposits by 6 June.
The fissure produced Strombolian explosions and a lava flow that advanced towards the W wall of the Valle del Bove; by it had reached 2, m elevation near Monte Simone. The flow was 2 km in length. Two fissures opened a few hours later at the SE base of NSEC at an elevation of about 3, m, each producing lava flows that converged and traveled along the W wall of the Valle del Bove towards Serra Giannicola Grande, partially covering the lava flows. The flow reached 2, m elevation by The fissure activity was accompanied by ash emissions which were intense starting at but then decreased and almost stopped late in the evening.
The lava flow reached the bottom of the valley in the early hours of 31 May and had a length of about 3 km.
INGV volcanologists confirmed that lava continued to effuse from both fissures during a visual inspection in the morning of 1 June and that vigorous spatter was occurring at a fissure on the SE base of NSEC. By the lava flow from the N base was no longer being fed and was cooling. During a visual inspection of the eruption site on 2 June volcanologists confirmed explosive activity at a fissure segment at 2, m and continuing lava effusion. The lava traveled along the W wall of the Valle del Bove, overlapping flows from previous days.
An ash plume rose from Bocca Nuova Crater on 23 May. Several Strombolian explosions at NSEC ejected incandescent pyroclastic material a few dozen meters above the crater rim during May. A new vent on the inner wall of Voragine Crater was noted on 30 April. Strombolian activity from the BN-1 crater deep within the Bocca Nuova Crater was visible on 28 April and continued through 5 May; field inspections on 30 April revealed that two vents in BN-1 were active and producing explosions at a rate of one every seconds.
Bombs and lapilli were ejected above the crater rim but deposits remained mostly within the confines of the crater or near the rim. On 2 May, beginning at , discontinuous explosions at the E vent produced emissions of fine tephra that rose as high as 1 km above the crater rim and quickly dissipated.
During May the frequency of explosions increased for brief periods in conjunction with a slight increases in volcanic tremor amplitude. During each night webcams recorded pulsating flashes from the E vent in New Southeast Crater NSEC which became more intense towards the end of the week. A minor ash emission from Bocca Nuova Crater was visible at on 8 April. After the event seismicity gradually decreased. The last significant event was a ML 4.
Preliminary assessments of some of the ash deposits showed they contained no juvenile material. During February ash emissions of variable intensity rose from NEC and were notable on 14 and 18 February. Volcanic tremor amplitude did not significantly vary compared to the previous week, having average values overall. The Catania Airport announced the partial closure of airspace and flight delays during February due to ash emissions.
From the beginning of the afternoon on 6 February discrete ash emissions rose from NEC. The ash emissions were continuous from about on 7 February to on 8 February, producing relatively diffuse ash plumes that drifted S and then SE. A diffuse ash plume drifted SW on 9 February. In addition, lava effusion became continuous with small overlapping flows traveling about m down the E flank of the cone.
Incandescent blocks generated by the lava flows rolled to the base of the cone, and occasional small collapses produced minor ash plumes. Strombolian explosions at NSEC were interspersed with long pauses from a few minutes to a few hours. The explosions sometimes produced ash emissions that quickly dispersed; ashfall was deposited around the crater and in the Valle del Bove. Spattering from the southernmost vent was also visible, as well as gas emissions.
Gas emissions at Voragine Crater from a vent on the E rim of the crater were less intense compared to previous months. NEC activity was characterized by Strombolian explosions sometimes accompanied by minor ash emissions.
Spattering from the southernmost vent was also visible. Gas emissions increased at Voragine Crater from a vent that formed on 7 August on the E rim of the crater, and the crater continued to gradually widen and deepen. NEC activity was characterized by gas emissions and explosive activity of variable frequency and intensity. Strombolian activity at the N vent in Bocca Nuova BN-1 ejected incandescent material almost as high as the W crater rim.
No eruptive activity was observed at BN-2, though it produced explosions deep in the crater. A new high-temperature vent producing gas emissions was noted on 1 October in the same place a fumarole had been observed the previous week. Ash emissions from NSEC were sometimes accompanied by ejected incandescent material. Gas emissions increased at Voragine Crater from a vent that formed on 7 August on the E rim of the crater.
NEC produced frequent brown-gray ash emissions, and ejected blocks and bombs, from a vent located in the W part of the crater floor. A few Strombolian explosions at NSEC were recorded on 5 September; an explosion at generated an ash plume that produced local ashfall around the vent and in the Valle del Bove, and quickly dispersed.
A similar but less intense event occurred earlier that day, at Similar Strombolian events continued during September, at intervals of a few hours. Strombolian activity at the N vent BN-1 in Bocca Nuova occurred at minute intervals, ejecting incandescent material that fell within the crater confines.
Gas emissions were sometimes punctuated with ash emissions. Intense degassing was characteristic of the second vent BN Strombolian activity occurred at NEC, and a few times explosions were accompanied by ash emissions. INGV reported that during August activity at Etna was characterized by gas emissions at the summit craters, Strombolian activity, and ash emissions. Beginning at on 23 August Strombolian activity from the cone in the saddle between the Southeast Crater SEC and NSEC cone complex rapidly intensified; explosions ejected tephra m above the vent rim.
Just after lava overflowed the vent in the saddle cone and flowed N; Strombolian activity at that vent continued through the night and then stopped no later than on 24 August. At Strombolian activity from a vent on the S flank of NSEC produced a small lava flow that traveled a few dozen meters.
During August the activity at the saddle cone gradually decreased, and ash emissions were weak and occasional. INGV reported that during August activity at Etna was similar to the previous week, characterized by gas emissions at the summit craters, Strombolian activity, and ash emissions. Strombolian explosions continued from vents in Bocca Nuova, and were particularly visible at night.
Based on two field inspections and webcam data, INGV reported that during 30 July-5 August activity at Etna was characterized by gas emissions at the summit craters and Strombolian activity. Three vents at the bottom of the Bocca Nuova crater were active, with gas emissions rising from two vents and sporadic Strombolian activity occurring at a third.
Its outbursts produce enough lava each year to fill Chicago's Willis Tower the former Sears Tower , a study found. It erupted on February 27, , but soon quelled. Small eruptions occurred in and , and in , it burst into a spectacular nighttime display. The last major eruption was in Located near the east coast of the island of Sicily, Mount Etna is 10, feet 3, meters tall with a base circumference of about 93 miles kilometers. Mount Etna is a series of nested stratovolcanoes with four distinct summit craters.
There are two central craters, called Bocca Nuova and Voragine; the Northeast crater; and the newest Southeast crater, which was formed by an eruption in Strombolian eruptions, which produce ash, tephra and lava fountains, are fairly common in these craters.
The eruptions of early were mostly strombolian eruptions. The January eruption was from Bocca Nuova, and the February eruptions are most noticeable from the Southeast crater. The mountain's largest feature is the Valle del Bove Valley of the Ox , a large horseshoe-shaped caldera on the eastern slope. There are numerous fissures and vents on the flanks of the volcano that often produce slow-moving pyroclastic flows at low altitudes.
These flows threaten agriculture, public utilities and transportation in the heavily populated towns surrounding the mountain.
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